Bibliografia Recomendada Sobre Uso Racional da Água

Bibliografia Recomendada Sobre Uso Racional da Agua Autor rolim 22/05/2004 Índice » Bibliografia Recome... Fonte: SABESP http://www.sabesp.com.br/pura/fontes_pesquisas/ordem_alfabetica.htm _______. Desalination and Water Re-Use - Technologies in Japan. Annual Report 1985/1986. ____ . Modelo para Determinação do Nível Ótimo de Micro-Medição. Enfoque Privado e Social - Um Estudo de Caso. Revista DAE, 45 (142). 1985. p. 288-289. A Pilot of Water Conservation Program. Bulletin 191. Proceedings. Sacramento, California. Departament of Water Resources. 1978. ACCIOLI, A. A. N.; FERNANDEZ, M. F. Tanques Fluxiveis, Tecnologia de Baixo Custo. In: 11° CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA SANITÁRIA E AMBIENTAL. Anais. Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. Fortaleza. 1981. AGTHE, D. E.; BILLINGS, R. B. Dynamic Models of Residential Water Demand. Water Resources Research, Volume 16, Nº 3, 1980. p. 476-480. ALONSO, L. R. Controle e Desenvolvimento Operacional. Ações da SABESP na Região Metropilitana de São Paulo. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO, São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • Apresentação das ações empreendidas e seus resultados alcançados pela SABESP com o programa de controle e desenvolvimento operacional aplicado na R.M.S.P. cujos principais objetivos são a eliminação de desperdícios de água, otimização dos sistemas instalados, visando postergar novas obras e aumento do número de usuários atendidos. ALVES, W.; SWAFFIELD, J. A. Development of Intermitent Discharge Devices for Application at the Head of Sewers - A Research Course. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Belgium. Proceedings. 1991. • Discharge devices utilization is reviewed as an indispensable aid in areas subject to water conservation programs and as a means of reducing pipe slopes in a public sewer networks, leading to a reduction in implementation costs mainly in flat areas. • The research will contribute to the improvement of public sewers design methods, through the use of unsteady flow analysis. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PLUMBING ENGINEERS. Plumbing Fixtures Requirements for Office Buildings. March, 1992. ANDERSON, E. Et al. Balancing of Flow and Pressure at Smaller Pipe Dimensions and Water Volume / Water Saving. Sweden. 1981. ANDERSON, D. L.; SIEGRIST, R. L. Performance of Ultra-low Volume Flush Toilets in Phoenix, Arizona. Report by RSE Group, Ayer Associates, Madison, Wisconsin. February 1986. 38p. APARICIO, J. Training for Water Conservation in Mexico. In: CONSERV 93 CONFERENCE, Las Vegas. Proceedings. December 1993. 6p. • This paper presents a training program for the water sector in Mexico. • The objective of provinding training in the water sector is to attain an efficient, effective and self-containing water services sector from five view points: technical, financial, environmental, social and institutional. ARREGUÍN, C. F.; BEUNFIL, R. M. 68 Recomendaciones para Ahorrar Agua em Domicilios, Riego e Industrias. Mexican Institute of Water Technology. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. October 1990. ARUNACHALAM, G. et al. The effect of Population on the Freguency of Fixture Use in Residential Settings. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brighton, England. Proceedings. September 1994. ASANO, Y. A Study on Utilization of Rainwater in Buildings. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Zurich, Switzerland. Proceedings. 1982. 18 p. • In this study the simulation analysis of the utilization of rainwater were practiced to the model building. As the extend of them, the multivariate analysis were practiced to the ordinary building. ASANO, Y.; KIYA, F. A Study on the Method of Evaluating the Discharge Characteristics of Water Closets. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, France. Proceedings. 1979. • The hydraulic behaviors and the flow characteristics in drain pipe systems should be analyzed so as to actualize the water conservation and to rationalize the pipe systems. • In this study the volume flow rate of the supplying and discharging water were measured under the various supply pressures and pressing time of the flush valve, with regard to four kinds of water closets. ASPE. Position Paper, "Necessity to Reexamine and Revise Supporting Code Issue Relative to Recent Water Conservation Codification on Required Use of 1.6 Gallon per Flush Water Closet". P.L. French. Pres., and B.J. McCarty. V.P. Legislation, Westlake, C.A.. July 1988. ASPERF. "Ultra Low Flush Plumbing Fixture Study - A Compendium of Water Closet Performance". Stevens Institute of Technology, Report Nº 202. Hoboken, N.J. 1990. *(Prepared for American Society of Plumbing Engineers). ÁVILA, C. de D. et all. Ánalise Comparativa do Desempenho da Torneira Automática (Pressmatic) em Relação à Torneira Convencional (Comum). Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Tecnologia, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Laboratório de Hidráulica e Pequenos Aproveitamentos Elétricos. Santa Maria, R.S.. 1991. BACARRO, R. A. Study Tour of Possible Low Flush Volume W.C. Installation Sites in Southern Africa. Interim Progress Report for the Overseas Development Administration under Contract 981/041/205. 1983. BAILEY, J. R.; BENOIT, R. J.; DODSON, J. L.; ROBB, J. M; WALLMAN, H. A Study of the Flow Reduction and Treatment of Waste Water From Households. Water pollution control research series 11050 FKE. Cincinnati, Ohio: Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory. 1967. BALL, E.F. Current Measures for Saving Water in the Home. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Scotland. Proceedings. 1975. 24p. • This paper review current water economy measures suitable for domestic application. It identifies those which could be applied immediately in britain and outlines some which may be more relevant to future conditions. Finally it assesses the possible savings in water demand if such measures were applied. BALL, E. F.; RUMP, M. E. Water Economy Measures for W.C.’s and Urinals. BRE Note Nº82/76. Buildings Research Establishment. June 1976. BAUMANN, D.D. et al Water Conservation: The Struggle Over Definition. Water Resources Research, 20(4). 1984. p 428-434. BEACH, R. K. Proposed Test Method to Determine the Discharge Rate of Plumbling Fixtures and Devices. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. 1975. BEKKER, A. P. Need for a Control of Water Consumption in Low Income Housing Projects - A Technical Report. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1980. • This paper presents that studies have shown that by installing in individual metering in low income housing projects a saving in total water consumption of 30 to 50 per cent. BENAZZI, R. V.; GUSS, L.; OREND, R.; WYLY, R. S.; KONEN, T. P. Water Requirements and Procedures for Estimating the Demand for Water in Buildings. In CIBW62 SEMINAR, United States. Proceedings. 1976. 11p. • The need to conserve all natural resources has lead researches to investigate methods for conserving both water and energy in today’s plumbing systems. • This paper seeks to describe current methodology; both domestic and foreign and the problems associated with it. Also discussed are the merits and potencial impact of improved methodology. BEHLING, P. J.; BARTILUCCI, N. J. Potencial Impact of Water-Efficient Plumbing Fixtures on Office Water Consumption. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 74-78. October 1992. BIRTLES, T. Improving Water Efficiency in Pratice-Lessons from the Energy Sector. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1994. BLACKWELDER, B.; CARLSON, P. Survey of the Water Conservation Programs in the Fifty States. Model Water Conservation Program for the Nation, Washington, DC., Environmental Policy Institute. August 1982. 154 p. BLOOME, M. W. Rate Structures to Promote Conservation. Conference organized by the Delaware River Basin Commission and The New York Water Board, New Jersey. Proceedings. 1990. 92p. BORBA Jr., E. F. Programa Especial de Redução de Perdas 198/83 na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Revista DAE, 119, p. 88-96. 1978. BORGES, P. R. Indicadores de Desempenho para Controle de Perdas em Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água. In: 15º CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA SANITÁRIA E AMBIENTAL, Bilena, Pará. Anais. Vol 2, Tomo I. 1989. BORGES, P. R.; ONOFRE, R. M. S. Setores de Abastecimento e o Controle de Perdas de Água na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. In: 17º CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA SANITÁRIA E AMBIENTAL, Natal, RN. Anais. Vol. 2. Tomo II. Setembro 1993. BOSTAIN, H. E.; COHEN, S.; WALLMAN, H. Water Conservation by the User. Paper presented at the APWA Meeting, Denver, Colorado. September 1973. BOTOR, S. D. Correlation of Laboratory and Installed Drainage System Solid Transport Measurements Dissertation. Uxbridge, U.K., August 1982. Ph. D Thesis - Departament Building Technology, Brunel University. BOYD, H. R. Comparative Tests on the Flushing Efficiency of Water Closets. National Buildings Research Institute, CSIR. BRIDGE, S. A Study of Unsteady Flow Wave Attenuation in Partially Filled Pipe Network. Uxbridge, U.K., 1984. Ph. D. Thesis - Brunel University, BRISCOE, J. Estimating Water Demand in Developing Countries. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO, São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • World bank research project which aims to improve understanding of water demand and rural areas. BROWN AND CALDWELL CONSULTANTS. Case Studies of Industrial Water Conservation in the San Jose Area. City of San Jose. Brown and Caldwell Consultants and Department of Water Resources, U.S.A.. February 1990 BRUNOLD, W. H. Public Attitudes Toward the Re-use of Reclaimed Water. University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health. August 1972. BRUVOLD, W. H.; MITCHELL, P. R. Evaluating the Effect of Residential Water Audits. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA). p. 79-84. August 1993. BUENFIL, M. Household Water Metering and Tariffs. In: CONSERV 93 CONFERENCE, Las Vegas. Proceedings. December 1993. 6p. • This paper aims to call the attention upon some facts, often neglected or not well analyzed, when considering the extensive use of the water meters. BURBERRY, P. Techniques for the Estimation of Flows in Foul Drains in the Light of Present Moves Towards Water Economy and in Particular Reduced Capacity W.C. Flushes. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Bélgium. Proceedings. 1978. • This paper describes the methods used to estimate flows in drains due to the intermittent operation of sanitary appliances. It compares the effect of reduced flushes from W.C.’s with conventional flows and identifies the nature and possible effects on drainage of other water saving measures. •The consequences of water saving measures upon drain performance are considerable. CALIFORNIA, STATE OF. The Resources Agency, Departament of Water Resources. Water Conservation in California. Sacramento. 1984. CAMPOS, M.; MADDAUS, W.; MANZIONE, M. California Industries Discover that Water Conservation Pays. In: CONSERV 90 CONFERENCE, Phoenix, Arizona. Proceedings. U.S.A.. August 1990. CARDIA, N. G. O Comportamento de Conservação de Água: Subsídios Teóricos para Campanhas Educativas de Redução de Consumo. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO, São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • Revisão da literatura internacional sobre o comportamento de conservação de água com enfoque nas pesquisas de avaliação de campanhas educacionais e promocionais, assim como contribuição teórica. • Levantamento de algumas questões sobre o caso brasileiro e dos passos iniciais que deveriam ser adotados de modo a se obter comportamento de conservação ao invés de somente atitutes pré-conservação. CESAR, B.G. Medição do Consumo de Água, por Economia em Condomínios. In: SIMPÓSIO NACIONAL DE INSTALAÇÕES PREDIAIS. Anais. 1987. • Análise de aspectos relevantes relativos a adoção da medição individualizada do consumo de água fria e quente em prédios de apartamentos • O trabalho permite concluir pela viabilidade técnica e econômica da adoção da medição individualizada em prédio de apartamentos. CHEN, Y. et al. A Study on Permissible Fow Rate of Drainage System (Part 1) - Method of Decision on Permissible Flow Rate. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. CHENG-LI, C. et al. Study on Drainage System in Apartment Houses (Part9) - The Verification of Prediction Method in Stack of Drainage System by Using a New Parameter L. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. CHAN, W. Y. W. The Tranport of the Waste Solids in Branch Drains Under Steady State and Dynamic Flow Conditions. Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, TR-2219. July 1981. CHANDRASEKAR, L.; KONEN, T. P. Application of Queueing Theory Models to Water Demand in Commercial Buildings. • This paper presents an alternative probabilistic approach using Queueing Theory to determine coincident uses of fixtures and thereby estimate design flow rates for commercial buildings. CHARMES, J. Possibilites Déconomies D’Eau dans les Batment. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, France. Proceedings. 1979. 6p. CHOUTHAI, A.; BHARGOV, V.; KONEN, T. P. A Laboratory and Field Evaluation of 1.6 GPF Water Closets in a Commercial Setting. Report NºR246. Stevens Institute of Technology. August 1992. COELHO, A. C. Medição de Água e Controle de Perdas. Rio de Janeiro. Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. 1983. 339 p. COLE, C. A. Domestic Water Conservation by Improved Toilet Systems. Paper presented at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Water Works Association. June 1973. COLE, C. A. Impact of Home Water Saving Devices on Collection Systems and Waste Treatment. In: CONFERENCE OF WATER CONSERVATION AND SEWAGE FLOW REDUCTION WITH SAVING-WATER DEVICES. J. O. Keller Conference Center, The Penn State U., University Park, P.A.. April 1975. COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL. Programa Estadual de Controle de Perdas. São Paulo, CETESB. 1982. CONFERENCE ON WATER CONSERVATION AND SEWAGE FLOW REDUCTION WITH WATER-SAVING DEVICES. University Park, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University. Proceedings. July 1975. CONFERENCE ON WATER CONSERVATION NEEDS AND IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES. Franklin Pierce College, Rindge, New Hampshire. Proceedings. July 1979. CONSTANZO, M. Et al. Conservation Behavior - The Difficult Path from Information to Action. American Psychologist, 41(5), p. 521-528. 1986. COOK, S. W.; BERRENBERG, J. L. Approaches to Encouraging Conservation Behavior - a Review of Conceptue Framework. Journal of Social Times, 37(2), p.73-107. 1981. CORTÉS, F. A. Water Conservation in Cities. In: CONSERV 93 CONFERENCE, Las Vegas. Proceedings. December 1993. p. 31-42. • This paper presents the use of water in general - such as: use in municipalities, efficient use in homes, outdoor uses, efficient use in industry and results of the evaluation of water looses in cities in Mexico. COURTNEY, R. G. A Multinomial Analysis of Water Demand. Building and Enviroment, Pergamon Press. Vol. 11. 1976. p. 203-209. • Observation in water demand in flats. • The multinomial distribution is then used to predict peak flow rates in each supply system for different sized groups of flats and the total water demand of the flat is similary predicted. CRABTREE, P. R. Urban Water Economy - A Master Plan. IMIESA. Vol. 4, Nº5. May 1979. CRABTREE, P. R. Water Conservation and the Municipal Engineer. In: 1980 BIENNIAL CONFERENCE OF THE INSTITUTION OF MUNICIPAL ENGINEERS OF SOUTH AFRICA, Vloemfontein. Proceedings. 1980. CRABTREE, P. R. Water Conservation in Urban Comunities. In: 1978 CONGRESS OF S.A. SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, Stellen Bosch. Proceedings. 1978. CRABTREE, P. R. Water Supply and Drainage Research at the National Building Research Institute. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1980. 8p. • This paper deals with the scope of research carried out at the NBRI, namely sewerage, building drainage, stormwater drainage, water reticulation, water supply in buildings and domestic water economy measures. CRISP, J.; SOBOLEV, A. An Investigation of the Performance of Lavatories Using Spray-Taps, and of Sanitary Accommodation in an Office Building. Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers, (13), p. 513-525. 1959. CRISP, J.; SOBOLEV, A. Water and Fuel Economy - The Use of Spray Taps for Ablution in Buildings. RIBA Journal. 63(9), p. 386-388. 1956. CUTHBERT, R. W. Effectiveness of Conservation - Oriented Water Rates in Tucson. Journal of the American Water Works Association (AWWA). March 1989. DANIELSON, L. E. An Analysis of Residential Demand for Water Using Micro Time-Series Data. Water Resources Research, 15(4). August 1979. DAVIDSON, P. J.; COURTNEY, R. G. Revised Scales for Sanitary Accomodation in Offices, Build Environ. 11p. DARILEK, A. Forming a State Water Conservation Program Through Public Involvement. In: CONSERV 93 CONFERENCE, Las Vegas. Proceedings. December 1993. p. 59-65. DARLEY, J. M.; BENIGER, J. R. Diffusion of Energy-Conserving Innovation. Journal of Social Times, 37(2), p. 150-171. 1981 Delaware River Basin Commission. Leak-Detection Regulation: good to the last Drip, Study documents Merits of Water-Saving Princing Structures. New jersey. 1994 DE VILLIERS, D. C. Towards the Development of a Low-Flush WC Pan. IMIESA, p. 50-59. October 1983. DEPARTAMENT OF WATER RESOURCES. A Selection of Water Conservation Programs Aids. Sacramento, California. DIEBERT, E. Fiscal Planning and Water Conservation in Madison, Wis.. Journal of the American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 2-5. January 1978. DURATEX. S. A 19p. • Trabalho desenvolvido pela empresa Duratex S.A. para verificar o desempenho de válvulas de descarga e caixas de descarga. EATON, H. N. Demand and Discharge Rates of Plumbing Fixtures. S. 1, McGraw-Hill. 1957. ELDER, J. State-of-the-art Summary of Incentives for Residential Water Conservation. (NBSIR 80-2119). Center for Building Technology. Washington, D.C. 20234. October 1980. 91p. • This report address some programs and techiniques that have been developed to encourage residential water conservation • Energy conservation • Consumers education and information programs • Feedback techniques • Possible incentives in mass-metered residences • The impact of pricing on water consumption ENGINEERING FOUNDATION CONFERENCE. Water Conservation - Needs and Implementing Strategies. Franklin Collage, Rindge, New Hampshire. July 1979. ENVIROMENT PROTECTION AGENCY. Economics of Clean Water. Washington, D.C.. U.S., Government Printing Office. 1973. FEATHERSTONE, J. Conservation in the Delaware River Basin. Journal of the American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 42-51. January 1996. FEWKES, A. The Design and Evaluation of Rainwater Cistern Systems for W.C. Flushing. In: 4TH INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CISTERN SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, Manila, Phillipines. Proceedings. August 1989. FEWKES, A.; FRAMPTON, D. I. The Development of a Computer Model to Evaluate the Performance of a Rain Water Supplied W.C. Flushing Systems. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Porto, Portugal. Proceedings. 1993. • The rain water to be used in W.C. flushing must be collected from the roof and stored in a cistern or reservoir before being used. This paper discribes a method of determining the optimun volume of the storage cistern. FEWKES, A.; TARRAN, C. Rainwater Quality for W.C. Flushing in the U.K.. In: 1992 REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IRCSA, Kyoto, Japan. Proceedings. October 1992. FILHO, S. C.; ASSUNÇÃO, J. V. Como Utilizar o Recurso Água Assegurando sua Disponibilidade Prolongada e Preservando o Meio Ambiente. FLACK, E. Urban Water Conservation: Increasing Efficiency-in-Use Residential Water Demand. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). New York. 1982. FOWELL, J. A. et al. Water and Water Related Conservation in Buildings. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, United States. Proceedings. 1976. 11 p. • This paper presents discussions about: Water conservation and municipal systems, technology vs. Socioeconomic impacts of conservation and residential water use and the potencial for conservation. GALOWIN, L. S. A Model for the Transport Mechanisms of Solids in Buildings Pipe Drains. In: NATIONAL WATER CONSERVATION CONFERENCE. Proceedings. NBS Special Publication 624. 1982. p. 293-326. GALOWIN, L. A Water Conservation Technique: Dual-Fush Devices for Water Closets. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Bélgica. Proceedings. 1991. • Discussion of past research results and development of a new standard for dual-flush devices is presented in this paper. GALOWIN, L. S. Drainage Sizing for Solid Transport with Reduced Flows. ASPE 77th Ann. Zimmer Mem. Refresher Course, Chicago, Il.. September 1983. GALOWIN, L. S. Plumbing Codes- Essential in Water Conservation Program. In: NATIONAL WATER CONSERVATION CONFERENCE, NBS SP 624. June 1982. p. 379-398. • A review of the developments leading to current plumbing code requirements is presented • The basis for development of revision to Codes and supporting standards from current research projects. • Requirements are indicate for current data based upon real water demand loads to update water supply pipe sizing and the necessity to consider the impact of deterioration of performance from reduced wastewater flows in the buildings drainage system with expanding water conservation practices. GALOWIN, L. S. Water Conservation Requirements Through Standards and Test Methods for Plumbing Fixtures. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Sweden. Proceedings. 1989. • New reduced flow rates and volumetric limits on water consumption for plumbing fixtures and appliances are prescribed for the performance of water saving plumbing products in proposed national legislation introduced in the U.S. Congress. Then, this paper presents the application of research results and future research on the preparation of test method procedures for plumbing standards. GALOWIN, L.S.; KONEN, T.P.; HIGGINS, P. J.. Plumbing Research Application - Water Conservation in Buildings. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • This paper presents new elements of changes that have been achieved to further implement water conservation. Current modification to the Chinaware standard will illustrate the changes taking place. Finally, effort from recent laboratory tests to provide data previsions to standard requirements for low flow water closet waste transport performance are presented. GALOWIN, L. S.; KONEN, T. P.; YINGLING, R. Code Requirement in Pumbling Engineering for Dwellings with Acceptance of Water Conservation. • Synthesis of advances in pumbling engineering research for water conservation in water supply and drain-waste-vent system. • The New CABO (Council of buildings offices) - 1986, pumbling requirements include revision and inovations for the entire building system reported from the National Bureau of Standards and Stevens Institute of Technology investigation and dynamic hydraulic and pneumatic phenomena found in vent, stack, drains, and water supply in buildings. GALOWIN, L.; SWAFFIELD, J. Comments on Design Sizing for Low Water Consumption Fixtures in Drainage Systems. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Belgium. Proceedings. 1991. • Conditions in pipe drains are discussed for several stepwise changes in diameter for effect downstream of the initial entry and for several water volume discharge profiles for conditions in existing buildings drains that may be oversized. GALOWIN, L. S.; SWAFFIELD, J .A.; BRIDGE, S. Requirements for a Solid-Waste Transport in Horizontal Drains. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Zurich, Switzerland. Proceedings. 1982. 26 p. • This paper presents the determination of the hydraulic interaction, using the method of characteristics, which the motion of solid based upon mathematical modeling of the psysical mechanisms for solid waste transportation in transient partially-filled drain-pipe flows. GARCIA, A. Programa de Uso Eficiente de Água da Cidade do México. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • Exposição das principais atividades deste programa (controle de perdas e uso eficiente da água) e os resultados obtidos. GARCIA, B. A.; CORTÉS, Evaluación del Funcionamiento de Dos Lavadoras de Ropa. Mexican Institute of Water Technology. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. May 1990. GARCIA, B. A.; CORTÉS, Evaluación del Funcionamiento de Retenedores para Excusados de Alto Consumo de Fabricación Nacional. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. July 1990. GARCIA, B. A.; CORTÉS, M. P. Evaluación del Funcionamiento Hidráulico de Excusados de Bajo consumo de Fabricación Extranjera. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. May 1989. GARCIA, B. A.; CORTÉS, M. P. Evaluación del Funcionamiento Hidráulico de una Llave para Lavabo Automática Marca "Watermatic". Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. May 1989. GARCIA, B. A.; CORTÉS, Evaluación del Funcionamiento Hidraulico del Supersifón Marca Supersifón en Excusados de Alto Consumo de Fabricación Nacional. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. March 1991. GARCIA, B. A.; CORTÉS, M. P. Final report of Project UE-9003. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, morelos, Mexico. December 1989. GARCÍA, O. J. Aprovechamiento de las Aguas Residuales en la Empresa Rivertex. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. June 1991. GEBHARDT, D. S. The Influence of Income on Future Domestic Water Consumption. Paper Delivered at the Convention: Water for the Future (Water Year 1970). GOLLADY, F. L.; KATSU, S. The Role of Princes in Management of Water Resources. Water for Human Consumption: Man and his Enviroment. In: FOURTH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION. Proceedings. 1981. GONÇALVES, O. M. Formulação de Modelo para o Estabelecimento de Vazões de Projeto em Sistemas Prediais de Distribuição de Água Fria. São Paulo, 1986. Tese ( Doutorado). Escola Politécnica - Universidade de São Paulo. GONÇALVES, O. M. Influence of the Users Behavior in Determining the Water Flow-Rates in Water Supply Systems in Buildings. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Sweden. Proceedings. 1989. • The paper presents firstly a bibliographic review of the methods employed to determine the design flow rates in water supply systems in buildings developing a numerical application showing the diversity of the obtained results. Then it is present the need of the use of the "open" models to determine the design flow rates aiming at a better representation of the characteristics of the users of the systems - maily when concerning region of continental dimensions. GONÇALVES, O. M. Influência do Uso Simultâneo de Aparelhos Sanitários no Dimensionamento de Instalações Prediais de Água Fria. São Paulo, 1978. Dissertação (Mestrado). Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo. GONÇALVES, O. M. Summary of Mathematical Models for the Design of Water Distribution Systems Within Buildings. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Washington, D.C., USA. Proceedings. 1992. • This paper presents a survey of mathematical models determining the design flow rate of water distribution system design. • The paper discusses the requirement of a design model focusing on the need for flexibility and openness thereby providing the engineer with needed freedom to design systems satisfying the wide varying characteristics of buildings. GONÇALVES, O. M.; GRAÇA, M. E. A. Design Flow Rates in Water Supply Systems in Buildings with Large Sanitary Areas - A Queueing Theory Aproach. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Scotland. Proceedings. 1988. • This paper presents the formulation of a simplified probabilistic model to determine the design flow rate in water supply system, in buildings with large sanitary areas (industrial, commercial and institutional buildings), using the Queueing Theory approach that makes into account the intervenient variable effects. GONÇALVES, O. M.; GRAÇA, E. A.. Vazões em Projetos de Sistemas Prediais de Distribuição da Água Fria - Modelo Probabilístico para Microcomputadores. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • Modelo probabilístico para a determinação das vazões de projetos em sistemas prediais de distribuição de água fria. GONÇALVES, P. M. Bases Metodológicas para Racionalização do Uso de Água e Energia no Abastecimento Público de Água em São Paulo. São Paulo,1995. Dissertação (mestrado). Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo. GONÇALVES, P. M.; SAUER, I. L. Racionalização do Uso da Água e Energia para o Abastecimento Público. São Paulo. 11p. • Este trabalho avalia as possibilidades do uso racional da água no abastecimento público da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), através da aplicação de normas eficientes e subistituição de equipamentos sanitários convencionais por eficientes, de menor vazão, em domicílios do setor residencial. GORDON, S. P. Investigation of Psychological Components of Water Conservation Behavior. North Carolina State University at Releigh Departament of Psychology. 1981. 162 p. GREEN, H. G. Why Meters are Advantageous. Water and Sewage Works. February 1957. p. 76-78. GRIGGS, J. C.; SHOULER, M. C. An Examination of Water Conservation Measures. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1994. • This paper outlines techniques, products and services that can be used to reduce water consumption. GRISHAM, A.; FLEMMING, W. Long Term Options for Municipal Water Conservation. Journal of the American Water Works Association. March 1989. Guidelines For The Provision Of Water Efficient Appliances And Plumbing. Australian Water Resources Council. Australian Plumbing Industry Magazine. April 1993. HAGIWARA et al. Analysis of Consciousness of Saving Water and Structures of Water Demands According to the Questionaires. In: 15TH MEETING OF ENVIROMENTAL AND SANITARY ENGINEERING RESEARCH. Proceedings. January 1979. HANDBOOK A Costumer Handbook on Water-Saving and Waste Water Reduction. The Washington Suburban Sanitary Comission. 1972. HANKE, S.; DE MARE, L.. Municipal Watrer Demand, in Modelling Water Demands. Ed J. Kindler & C.S. Russell, Academic Press. 1984. p. 149-170. HASSELGREN, C.; NILSSON, P. Lunds University. Low Volume Water Closet System and Pit Latrine Emptying - a Literature Review. Lund. 1983. HOLMBERG, S. Field Investigation of Flow in Water Supply Network with the Help of Computers. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Procedings. 1985. 14p. • Detailed, continuous measurements have previously provided valuable input data for stochastic dimensioning models, and they now furnish excellent opportunities for simulating the entire seguence of events. • This paper is entended to give a picture of the present status of research at the National Swedish Institute for Buildings Research, Studsvit, Sweden. HOLMBERG, S.; LINDVAL, L.; OLSSON, E. Save Water - Save Energy. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1980. 10 p. • In order to judge the effect of water saving measures it is necessary to know how much water we use. This has been investigated in a high rise building in Norrköping, and the results are presented in this article. HOLMBERG, S.; OLSSON, E. Water Consumption and Design Requirements. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, France. Proceedings. 1979. 18p. • Society is today looking for a new ways of saving water and energy. In order to archieve this aim a field study was carried out in a block of flats. All the information necessary for the frame of reference for this study was obtained such as the basis for dimensioning, the number of inhabitants, equipments, etc.. • This study also provided information about the distribution of hot and cold water, frequency of use and simultaneous flow. HOSMAN, R. T. The Effect of Metering on Water Use and Re-use. Journal of the American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 509-512. May 1950. HOWARTH, G. Development of Flushability Criterion for Sanitary Products. Seminar at Brunel University. 1980. HOWE, C. W. The Impact of Price on Residential Water Demand. Water Resources Research. Volume 18, No 4. 1982. p. 713. HOWE, C. W.; LINAWEAVER, F. P. The Impact on Residential Water Demand and Its Reaction to System Design and Price Structure. Water Resources Research. 1967. p. 13-32. HOWE, C. W.; VAUGHAN, W.L. In-House Water Savings. Journal of the American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 118-121. February 1972. HUEB, J. A. El Programa de Control de Pérdidas como Estratégia para el Desarollo de Instituciones de Água Potable y Saneamiento. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO, São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • Situação do Estado operacional das instituições de água potável e saneamento. • Programa de controle de perdas. HUNTER, R. Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems. National Bureau of Standards, BMS 65. Washington, D.C. 1940. HUNTER, R. B. Water-Distribution Systems for Buildings. National Bureau of Standards BMS 79 (1941) COM 73-10971/LK. IIO, A. et al. The Experimental Study on Evaluation of Water Closet Size for Houses Using Actual Size Model - Case Study on Independent Hand Lavatory. A. I. J. Anual Meeting. 1995. IMTA. Manual para la Organización de la Macromedición. Serie Didática 8. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. November 1989. INSTALAÇÕES SANITÁRIAS E PRODUTOS VOLTADOS A ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ENERGIA. O nível atual do desenvolvimento e perspectivas da Europa. Palestra da DOCOL no Hotel Brasilton. Julho 1993. INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS TECNOLÓGICAS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Conservação De Água: Bibliografia Selecionada. São Paulo. 172 p. (IPT Publication Nr. 1687). INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS TECNOLÓGICAS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Consumo Urbano de Água e Alternativas de Conservação: Bibliografia Selecionada. São Paulo. 1986. (relatório 23363) INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS TECNOLÓGICAS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - IPT. Tipos de Aparelhos em Instalações Sanitárias e sua Influência no Consumo de Água e Contribuição de Esgotos. São Paulo. 1982. (Relatório 170976). ITO, Y. Recycling Wastewater in Tokyo. Periodical for JICA ex-participants.. Tokyo (75), p. 2-5. 1996. IWANAMI, H. Rainwater Utilization System in Building. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. • From the perspective of the efficient utilization of water resources, the application of rainwater utilization systems in buildings, the japonese have begun to attract attention in recent years. JAMES, L. D.; LEE, R. R. Economics of Water Resources Planing. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1971. 615p. JENKINS, P.; PEARSON, F.; MOORE, E.; SUN, J. K.; VALENTINE, R. Feasibility of Rainwater Collection Systems in California. Contribution Nº 173. California Water Resources Centre, University of California. 1978. KIYA, F. An Examination of Future Plumbing Research and Introduction into Practice. September 1986. • It is necessary to recognize the limits from experimental investigation that do not correspond to the installed piping systems. • The necessity of basic research on the flow phenomena has grown to provide accurate determination from fundamentals of hydraulics. • Plumbing technology changes make it necessary to account for development of new fixtures, devices, and usage including water conservation and the expanding role of computers techniques for mathematical analysis and design to account for the method of CAD. KIYA, F. The Concept and Method of Application for Designing by Using Water Consumption Data. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Scotland. Proceedings. 1988. • The volume of water consumption is varied by not only the effects of installing systems and fixtures, but also the diferences of the habit type and pattern of users. • This paper describes processes from the data collection to the applications for designing and the concept and method to apply for designing. KIYA, F.; ICHIKAWA, A.. A Study on the Estimation of Minimum Demand for Water (Part - 1). Annual Meeting of A.I.J.. 1985. (Part -2 and part - 3). Annual Meeting of A.I.J.. 1986. KIYA, F.; ICHIKAWA, N.; MATSUI, Y.. A Concept of Minimum Demand for Water from the Sanitary Point of View. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • Definition and basic concept of the minimum demand for water • Meaning and application of estimating the minimum demand for water • Kind of water usage and research theme • Collecting data by literature survey KIYA, F.; MATSUI, Y. A Study on the Estimation of Minimum Demand for Water, Part 5. Annual meeting of AIJ. 1988. KIYA, F.; OBARA, N.. A Study on the Appropriate Design of Sanitary Fixtures for Sanitary Fixtures for Washing Hand and Face. Annual Meeting of SHASE. Japan. 1978. KNOBLAUCH, H. G. Factors Affecting the Flushing Characteristics of a W.C.. Sanitar and Heizzungstecknik. No 1. January 1979. KOSHIMUZU, S.; TOMOZAWA, T.; KIYA, F. Treatment of Domestic Water Containing Pulverized Garbage. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Washington, D.C., USA. Proceedings. 1992. • A new demonstration plant for treatment system for waterwaste which contains pulverized garbage was constructed and tested. The system consists of 48 disposers set at every house, a long-aeration reactor and an anaerobic reactor treating for solids produced by garbage. The paper shows the research of quantity of used water when this disposer was used at every house and at the same time the total quantity of water supply that didn’t especially increase by use of this disposal. KONEN, T. P. A Review of the Parameters in the Hunter Model for Estimating the Demand for Water Supply and Drainage. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Denmark. Proceedings. 1974. • This paper presents the results of an investigation of the influence of several of the many parameters in an existing demand procedure. KONEN, T. P. Critical Review and Proposed Modifications of Hunter’s Model for Water Distribution System Disign. In: ASPE SEVENTH BIENNIAL PLUMBING CONVENTION, Atlanta, Georgia. October 1980. KONEN, T. P. Desempenho de Sistemas Hidráulicos Prediais - Experiências e Tendências nos Estados Unidos: Uso Racional de Água e Energia nos Sistemas Hidráulicos Prediais. Curso de pósgraduação ministrado na Escola Politécnica da USP. maio 1995. KONEN, T. P. Engineering Water Supply and Drainage Systems. Plumbing Engineer. Volume 12, No 14. July/August 1984. KONEN, T. P. Engineering Water Supply and Drainage Systems for Buildings. Eight Biennial Convention and Engineered Plumbing Exposition. 1982.. p. 337-354. KONEN, T. P. Principal USA Programs of Economic Domestic consumption and Racional Use of water. New Jersey. KONEN, T. P. Text Kit for the Sanitary Performance of Water Closets: Model 180-1. Pretoria, National Building Research Institute. 1980. KONEN, T. P. The Effect of Water Closet Type on Drainage System Capacity. Stevens Institute of Technology. Hoboken, N.J. 1974. KONEN, T. P. et al. Sizing Water Supply Systems for Buildings. TN 922, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hobeken,N.J. 1982. KONEN, T. P.; ANDERSON, D. L. The Impact of Water Conserving Plumbing Fixtures on Residential Water Use Characteristics: A Case Study in Tampa, Florida. Stevens Institute of Technology. February 1993. KONEN, T. P.; DEYONG, R. An Investigation of the Performance and the Effects of Reduced Volume Water Closets and Sanitary Drainage, Sewers, and Sewage Treatment Plants. In: CONFERENCE OF WATER CONSERVATION AND SEWAGE FLOW REDUCTION WITH SAVING-WATER DEVICES, J. O. Keller Conference Center, The Penn State U., University Park, P.A.. April 1975. KONEN, T. P.; KANNAN, R. Low Flush Water Closets in Public Restrooms, What to Expect. Pumbling Engineer. August 1991. p. 32-38. KOSHIKAWA, Y. et al. The Analysis of Students’ Usage and Consciousness in Toilet. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. KUDRNA, F. L.; I NJERD, D. Water Conservation in Northeastern Illinois. In: CONFERENCE ON WATER CONSERVATION NEEDS AND IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES, Franklin Pierce College, Rindge, New Hampshire. Proceedings. July 1979. KURIHARA, T. et al. A Study on Plan for a Wastwater Reuse System in the Local Area (Part 5) - Control of the Volume of Treated Reclaimed Water and Its Source. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. LANT, C. L. The Social Acceptability of Water Conservation in Springfield. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 85-89. August 1993. LATTIE, J. E. Public Education for Water Conservation, in Community Water Management for the Drought and Beyond: A Handwork For Local Government. State of California: The Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. July 1977. LATTIE, J. E. Water Conservation in the Classroom. In: URBAN WATER CONSERVATION CONFERENCE, Los Angeles. Proceedings. State of California: Departament of Water Resources. January 1976. LEÃO, N. M. S. Participação da Comunidade no Saneamento Básico / O Controle de Perdas Domiciliares de Água. In: 12º CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA SANITÁRIA E AMBIENTAL, Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina. Anais. Novembro 1983. • Neste trabalho, o controle de perdas domiciliares de água exemplifica a operacionalização de tarefas com a participação comunitária. LILLYWHITE, M. S. T.; WISE, A. F. E. Towards a General Method for the Design of Drainage Systems in Large Buildings. Buildings Research Station (England). Current paper 27/69. (1957). MAFRA, W. J. Caracterização de desempenho da Torneira Pressmatic (Automática) em Relação à Torneira Convencional (Comum) quanto a Economia de Água. Joinville, S.C.. 1993. (Relatório). MALAN, G. J. Measured Peak Rates of Water Demand for a Block of Apartaments and Performance of Domestic Water Meters. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Zurich, Switzerland. Proceedings. 1982. 25 p. • This paper presents some results of work carried out under a research project into water economy measures in urban areas being undertaken by the National Building Research Institute on behalf of the water research commission. MALAN, G. J. Towards Urban Water Conservation in South Africa. In: WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, Pretoria. Proceedings. 1980. 7p. • Investigation into water economy measures in urban areas includes research on a number of aspects. Since water used for flushing constitutes a significant portion of total daily urban water consumption, high priority must be given to the development of flushing efficiency tests. • The results of a survey of water leakage from W.C. cisterns in a group of office blocks is included to show that leakage can be another major cause of water wastage. MALAN, G. J.; CRABTREE, P. R.. The Effect of Individual Meters on the Consumption in Apartment Building. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • Individual metering and billing on the consumption of water in apartament buildings in Pretoria and East London has revealed that saving of 20 to 30 per cent are attainable. MANN, P. C. Reform in Costing and Pricing Water. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 43-45. March 1987. MASAMICHI, Y. et al. Purposes of Rainwater Uses in Architectuer and Their Apparatuses. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. MATHUR, G. C. Developments Towards Water Economy in India. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Scotland. Proceedings. 1975. 8 p. • This paper mentions some developments towards water economy in India, as a result of research work done on: -Water saving systems and components -Conservation of water through sewerage systems using lesser quantity of water -Recycling of waste water, etc. MATSUZAKI, K. et al. A Study on the fixture Usage in a Lavatory of the Stadium (Part 2) - Investigation of the Fixture Usage of the Soccer Audiences in N-Stadium. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. McGHEE, R.; REARDON, M.; SHULMAN, A. (Eds.) Readings in Water Conservation. Enviromental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.: U.S. METER INSTALLATION REPORT. A Survey of Customers in the Water Metering Trials Area. Office of Water Services, OFWAT. 1992. MILNE, M. Residential Water Conservation. Report Nº 35. University of California/Davis: California Water Resources Center. March 1976. MONTENEGRO, M. H. F.; ROCHA, A. L. Conservação de Água: um Desafio para as Cidades Brasileiras. Revista Politécnica (192), p. 28-33.. 1986. MONTENEGRO, M. H. F.; ROCHA, A. L. Economia de Água de Uso Doméstico. São Paulo. Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo. 1985. (Publicação IPT 1629). MONTENEGRO, M. H. F.; ROCHA, A. L Water Economy: A Brazilian Challenge. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Kopenhagen, Denmark. Proceedings.. 1986. • Water economy is a new concept that has not been clearly understood yet by consumers, industry and even by the water companies or departaments. This paper presents a developing low-volume W.C.’s - VDR (Reduced discharge volume). MONTENEGRO, M. H. F.; SILVA, R. T. Economia de Águas: Quadro de Necessidades e Linhas de Ação. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO. São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • Análise das linhas de ação que compõem os diferentes programas de economia de água, à luz das necessidades brasileira. • A redução do consumo é enfocada como alternativa à expansão imediata da oferta, minimizando e adiando os investimentos geometricamente crescente de captação de água em mananciais cada vez mais distantes. • Análise das diferentes implicações da cada linha de ação, segundo pontos de vista do interesse público, das companias de saneamento e dos usuários individuais. MORGAN, W. D. The Economics of Water Conservation. In: CONFERENCE ON WATER CONSERVATION: NEEDS AND IMPLEEMENTING STRATEGIES, New York. Proceedings. American Society of Civil Engineers. 1979. MULLER, J. G. The Potencial for Energy Savings Through Reduction in Hot Water Consumption. In: 1975 CONFERENCE ON WATER CONSERVATION AND SEWAGE FLOW REDUCTION WITH WATER SAVING DEVICES. Pennsylvania St. University Proceedings. 1975. p. 89-116. MURAKAWA, S. A Calculating Method of Fixture Requirement for Buildings. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Porto, Portugal. Proceedings. 1993. • In this paper, the author first shows the usage of fixtures and the consciousness of the user for the waiting time. After that, it shows a calculating method of fixture requirements for office buildings based on the evaluation of the waiting times for fixture uses. Lastly, the author introduces the method that has been suggested by the society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan. MURAKAWA, S. Investigation of the Method of Calculation of Water Consumption in the Designing of Buildings Equipments. Part1: The Theory of Calculation and Analysis of the Use of Water in Multi-Storey Flats, and Part 4:Calculation of Wear Load and Analysis of Simultaneous Uses. Transaction of the Architectural Institute of Japan. No 246 and No 253. 1976,1977. MURAKAWA, S. et al. The Water Usage and the Consciousness of the Dwellers in Houses Influence by Experience of Drought. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Washington, D.C., USA. Proceedings. 1992. • The paper shows the outline of the controls on the supply of the tap water and the measure of conservation of water resources that the authorities of Fukuoka City have conducted since the drought in 78/79. • It shows the analyzed results of the questionaire of water usage and the measurements of water consumption that were carried out in 1989. • It also shows the results compared with each survey on the actions of water usage and the consciousness of saving water. MURAKAWA, S.; SAKAUE, K.; KOSHIKAWA, Y. An Estimate of Water Consumption in Apartament Houses According to the Analysis of Dweller’s Water Usage. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Belgium. Proceedings. 1991. • The propose of this study is to make an accurate estimate of water demand in apartament houses. After Analysing of the water usage data, the authors found out the estimated equations of the water consumption per flat according to multiple regression analysis utilizing the frequencies of water usage as the explanatory variables. MURAKAWA, S.; SAKAUE, K.; KOSHIKAWA, Y. A Study on the Flutuation of Flow Rates and Calculating Method of Water Demand in Apartment Houses. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Sweden. Proceedings. 1989. • This paper describes the loads of water supply in apartament houses based on the analysis of the actual measurements, the Monte Carlo simulation and the theorical considerations. MURAKAWA, S.; YAMATE, T. Investigation of Calculting Method of Flow Rate Design and Water Uses in Multi-Storey Flats. Transaction of the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan. N° 20. 1982. NATIONAL CONFERENCE. Water Conservation and Municipal Wastewater Flow Reduction. Chicago, Illinois. November. 1978. NATIONAL WATER COUNCIL. Components of Household Water Demand. London, 1982. 18 p.(NWC Occasional technical paper 6.) NATIONAL WATER CONSERVATION CONFERENCE ON PUBLICY SUPPLIED POTABLE WATER. Proceedings. NBS Special Publication, SP 624, NBS, Washington, D.C.. June. 1982. NELSON, J. O. North Marin’s Little Compendium of Water Saving Ideas. Novato, California: North marin County Water District. 1977. NEWCOMB, T. M. Conservation Program Evaluation: The Control of Self-Selection bias. Evaluation Review. 8(3), p. 425-440. 1984. NIELSEN, V. Comparative Test Methods on the Flushing Efficiency of Water Closet. National Building Research Institute, Denmark. June 1979. NIELSEN, V. Possibilities for Saving Water in the Home. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1980. 36 p. • The aim of this paper is to review a few components produced for water saving purposes. The review is combined with survey concerning water consumption, rate of flow at the appliances and frequency of use. • An estimation of possible water saving and technical conseguences when using "water saving components" finish the paper. NILSSON, S. Hot-water consumption - Economy. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Norway. Proceedings. 1977. • This report deals with a field investigation where we have studied the hot water consumption in order to try to find ways of saving hot-water by debiting the hot-water consumed. NIWA, C. Automatic Control of the Water Reutilization. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. • This paper presents the automatic control method in activated sludge method on the basis of pH is very advantageous. NOGUCHI, S. et al. Development of Total Recycling System of Wastewater in a Building (Part 4) - Results of a Long Term Wastewater Reclamation by RO Consumption. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. NOGUEIRA, S.M.S. Avaliação de Consumo de Água de Cozinha Industrial - Projeto Piloto Cozinha Costa Carvalho. SABESP São Paulo 1996 15p. NUCCI, N. L. R. Avaliação da Demanda Urbana de Água. Aspectos Econômicos e Urbanísticos. A área Edificada como Possível Variável Explicativa e Prospectiva. Revista DAE, 44(135), p. 22-29. 1983. OCHOA, L.; ARREGUÍN, F. Métodos para Evaluar Pérdidas de Agua en Redes de Distribuición de Agua Potable. In: INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON EFFICIENT WATER USE, Mexico City, Mexico. Proceedings. October 1991. OCHOA, L.; CAMACHO, C. A.; ENRIQUEZ, Z. S.; MALDONADO, S. J. Resumen del Informe Final del Proyecto Deteccíon y Control de Fugas e Impacto de Micromedición en Guaymas. Mexican Institute of Water Techonology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. December 1990. OCHOA, L.; MALDONADO, S. Funcionamiento de Micromedidores Instalados en Guaymas, Sonora. In: INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON EFFICIENT WATER USE, Mexico City, Mexico. Proceedings. October 1991. OGAWA, Y. Application Example of Waste Water Recycling Facility. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. • This paper shows the outline of this facility and reports the operating records. • This facility consists of three section. The first is the recycled water plant for treating waste water and recycling it as toilet flush water or cooling tower makeup water; the second is the potable water model plant for further treating part of the recycled water by the advanced purification process, mainly by land treatment, to obtain drinking water in case of emergency; and the third is the rainwater utilization plant for cooling and using the rainwater collected on the rooftop of the building. OLSSON, E. Alternative Sanitation Systems from Research to Product. The National Swedish Institute of Buildings Research, Nykoping. Sweden. 1982. OLSSON, E. Comparing Studies Concerning Water Saving Influence in a Sewer System. Calculation Model. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Belgium. Proceedings. 1991. • This paper try to give an insight in how the flow rate changes in different points in the system, depending on the distance from the disposal point. OLSSON, E. Economic Water Supply Design Based on Performance Requirements. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, United States. Proceedings. 1976. 20 p. • This paper presents three technical innovations develop in Sweden which are now in the process of being launched on the market - these are the flow regulator, the duct system and the BPA pipe system. They are all designed to comply with the swedish building regulation and would together seem to engineer a not inconsiderable decrease of water consumption. OLSSON, E.. Low Impact System for Household Waste - Pour Flush. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR. Proceedings. Brazil. 1987. • In the developing countries, activities in recent years have shown that it is essential to have a total view and sanitation technology that combined technical solutions and social-economics aspects. This paper presents the cistern WC systems with 1.5l/flush saves water can also be used in the three-sprey houses. OLSSON, E. Low volume W.C.-System - a development Project in India. Research Report, TN:4. 96 p. • This paper presents the project which the aim was to develop the Indian "squat-model" to archieve good flushing effect and good transport of the excreta in a given pipe system. OLSSON, E. Special Drainage Equipament for Saving Water. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. 33 p. • Water saving methods comprise W.C. systems with flushing volumes of 1.5-3.5 litres and showers and sinks producing mean flows of 0.1-0.2 l/s. • This paper presents the development of water saving technology for installation in developing countries, incorporating a flushing volume of 1.5 litres or flushing from holding tank of c. 15 litres. OLSSON, E. Special Equipament for Saving Water. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO. São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • The water saving methods calls for new components in the water supply and waste water systems. Standard requirements and test method have been evolved, making it possible to develop new units and adapt existing ones. OLSSON, E.; LILJA, G. Comparing Studies Conserning Water Saving in a System - Calculation Model. The National Swedish Institute for Buildings Research. Sweden. 24p. • This paper will try to give an insight in of how the flow rate changes in different points in the system, depending on the distance from the disposal point. OVESEN, K. Reuse of Waste Water for WC flushing. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Washington, D.C., USA. Proceedings. 1992. • Description of an experience of saving water by reusing the waste water from bathroom (showers and washbasin) for WC flushing. If necessary rain water should be used to supplement the waste water. PARKER, W. R. et al. Sizing of Water Supply Piping for Flush Valves. Bulletin n° 511-A. SLOAN VALVE COMPANY. PIMENTEL, P.; SWEETEN, J. Does ICI Conservation Really Works? 17p. • This paper examines the actual implementation rate of recommended water efficiency measures identified in 151 technical studies in Southern California, Eastern Massachusetts and Southern Connecticut. It includes a cost analysis which compares Industrial, Commercial and Institucional (ICI) Studies and surveys to benchmark costs for toilet rotrofit programs and supply infrastructure improvements. PINK, B. J. Laboratory Investigation of the Discharge Characteristics of Sanitary Appliances. Buildings Research Establishment, Current paper 37/73. 1973. PLOESER, J. H.; PIKE, C. W., KOBRICK, D. Nonresidential Water Conservation: a Good Investiment. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 65-73. October 1992. PRESTON, B. L. High Efficiency Water Closet Analysis. In: ASPE 1986 CONVENTION, Convention and Exposition, Miami Beach, FL. Proceedings. American Society of Plumbing Engineers, West Lake Village, CA. 1986. PRIMEAUX, W. J.; HOLLMAN, K. W. Price and Other Selected Economic and Socioeconomic Factors and Determinants of Household Water Consumption. In: FIRST WORLD CONGRESS ON WATER RESOURCES. Proceedings. Volume 3. 1978. p. 189-198. RHINOW, K. Economia de Água sob o Enfoque do Fabricante de Louças Sanitárias. .In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO. São paulo. Anais. 1986. • Avaliação da possibilidade de novos produtos serem lançados desde que haja apelo público que justifique o investimento que se faz necessário e que exista demanda que possibilite uma economia de escala. ROCHA, A. L. Reduction in Domestic Water Consumption Through the Use of Low Volume Flush Toilet. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Porto, Portugal. Proceedings. 1993. • This paper treats a real case were LVFT were employed. Two Brazilian manufactured toilets types along with a foreign one were used. The research concluded that the use of this type of toillet permitted an economy of 3 litres per capita in water volume daily utilized for toilet flushing. ROCHA, A. L.; MONTENEGRO, M. H. F. Conservação de Água no Uso Doméstico: Esforço Brasileiro. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO. São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • Apresentação dos esforços realizados no país, no campo de redução do consumo de água no uso doméstico, e de um panorama das potencialidades já identificadas passíveis de serem adaptadas e implementadas. • Proposição de medidas que buscam colocar em prática estas alternativas tecnológicas para redução de consumo e a criação, no âmbito da sociedade, de espaço para uma ação conservativa. ROCHA, A. L.; MONTENEGRO, M. H. F. Desempenho de Bacias Sanitárias e Aparelhos Sanitários. São Paulo. Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas. 49 p. (IPT Publicação Nr 1594). ROMERO, G. A.; GONZÁLEZ, M. J. Estudios para la Reutilización de las Aguas Residuales en la Industria Azucarera. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. December 1990. RUMP, M. E. Current Work at the BRE on Water Conservation. Seminar on Drainage Design. Brunel University. May 1978. RUMP, M. E. Potencial Water Economy Measures in Dwellings, Their Feasibility and Economics. Garston, Buildings Research Establishment. 1978. (BRE Current paper 65/78). • This paper examines possible methods for reducing domestic water consumption, specially in dwellings (WC’s including dual-flush cisterns, user-controlled flush cisterns and low volume flush toilets, waterless urinals, conventional spray showers, atomised spray showers and handwash units, a wash water recycle to flush the WC, low-water-use automatic washing machines and dishwashers). RUBI, J. T. Programa de Uso Eficiente del Água en la Ciudad de Mexico. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO. São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • Apresentacción del programa que contempla entre otras acciones, la reducción de los consumos a nivel domiciliario, mediante la instalación de dispositivos y muebles sanitários de bajo consumo. • Estudios en un area piloto con el objetivo es evaluar la viabilidad de implantar este programa al resto de la ciudad de mexico. SAAVEDRA, S. J. C. Tarifas de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado en Mexico - Precio medio y pago medio 1990. In: INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON EFFICIENT WATER USE, Mexico City, Mexico. Proceedings. October 1991. SANKAI, T. et al. Development of the Garbage Recycling System by Use of Disposer. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. SCHILLER, E. J.; LATHAM, B. Computerised Methods in Optimising Rain Water Catchment Systems. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF RAIN WATER CISTERN SYSTEMS, University of Hawaii, Manoa. Proceedings. June 1993. SHARMA, S. K. Low Cost Sanitation for Developing Countries. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Scotland. Proceedings. 1988. • The paper describes the various types of water seal latrines developed to economise cost and conserve water. SHARMA, S. K. Performance Studies on Low Cost Hand Pour Type Squatting Pans and Traps. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. 18p. • The paper deals with the development of test rig to perform specific test requirement on hand pour flush squatting pans and traps. The major objectives in designing low volume flushing systems have been minimal water requirements for flushing fecal matter, simple in construction and trouble free maintenance. SHARMA, S. K.; CHAKRABARTI, S. P. A Rational Approach to the Design of Water Closets in the Context of Water Conservation. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceeding. 1980. 11p. • Modified water closets with reduced water seal areas give satisfatory results even with 6.5 litre flushing cisterns. These investigation show a way of considerable saving in treated water adopting low capacity flushing cisterns with rationally designed water closets. SHARPE, W. Water Conservation and Waste Flow Reduction in the Home. 9p. • The information contained in this publication was primarily intended to make you aware of ways in which you could combat pollution and save money by reducing extravagant uses of water with no change in life style or personal habits. SHARPE, W. E. Water Conservation Devices for the New or Existing Dwellings. Journal of the American Water Works Association (AWWA), 73, p. 144-149. March 1981. SHIMAZU, T. et al. A Study on the fixture Usage in a Lavatory of the Stadium (Part 1) - Investigation of the Fixture Usage of the Soccer Audiences in N-Stadium. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. SHINOHARA, T.; MORIMURA, P. T., KIYA, F. Position Paper from Japan. In CIBW62 SEMINAR, Scotland. Proceedings. 1975. 14 p. • In Japan, specially in big city, water and energy shortage is being an important factor. Hence, many ideas and techniques for solving these problems are discussing and developing. Therefore many efforts have been made to establish the Plumbing Code. • This report is described for these situation such as establishing the Plumbing Code, water supply and drainage, water economy, prefabricate units and research in Japan. SOULSBY, P.G.; CONCORAN, C. The Use of Composting Toilets for Domestic Purposes. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1994. • The technology of composting toilets has now been developed to a stage where they can be considered for widespread use in domestic property. Composting toilets follow three important environmental principles: the separation of waste into more treatable components, the treatment of waste at point of arising and the recovery of the usable resources. • These principles lead to reduction in energy consumption and water resource demand which can reduce the overall environmental impact of domestic dwellings. SIMPSON, G. C.; CRABTREE, P. R.. Monitoring Domestic Water Consumption Patterns. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil, Proceedings. 1987. • Method originally used to monitor domestic water consumption pattern and uses the data obtained to show what sort of information can be obtained from the analysis of flow rate and pressure measurements. SMITH, G. E. Economics of Water Collection and Waste Recycling. Working Paper 6, Departament of Architecture, University of Cambridge. SNYDIR, M. Code Structure and Standardization in the United States, NBS SP 553. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, France. Proceedings. August 1979. p. 193-205. SOBOLEV, A. Note on a Flushing Efficiency Test for W.C. Pans. Buildings Research Station, U.K.. July 1961. SOBOLEV, A. The Modified Flushing Efficiency Test for W.C. Pans of the Washdown Type. Building Research Station, U.K. SOBOLEV, A.; LLOYD, G. J. Trials of Dual-Flush Cisterns. Journal of the Institute of Water Engineers. 18(1), p. 53-58. 1964. STANDING, M. K. Surge Generation as an Aid to Water Conserving Building Drainage Design. Uxbridge,U.K., 1986. Ph. D. Thesis. Brunel University. STEVEN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Study of Reduced Water Closet Volume. Research Report 91-01. ASPE Research Foundation. Hoboken, New Jersey. 1991. SWAFFIELD, J. A. Application of Method of Characteristics to Model the Transport of Discrete Solids in Partially-Filled Pipe Flow. National Bureau of Standards. (U.S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser. 139. February 1982. 107 p. SWAFFIELD, J. A. Calculation Techniques for Solid Friction Factors and Transport Performance Incorporating a Range of Solid Buyancy Models. Drainage Research Group, Report Nº DreG/NBS/5. Brunel University. October 1981. SWAFFIELD, J. A. The Prediction of Floating Solid Velocities in Unsteady Partially-Filled Pipe Flow. Drainage Research Group. Brunel University, U.K. May 1981. SWAFFIELD, J. A. Water Closets Characteristics and Performance - A Synthesis. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Porto, Portugal. Proceedings. 1993. • This paper presents an overview of the research on the design of W.C. performance for water conservation over the past 20 years. In doing so, it concentrates upon the evaluation of low flush volume W.C.’s as a means of reducing urban water consumption. SWAFFIELD, J. A. Water Conservation - A Combination Low Flush Volume W.C. and Surge Generatior Solution. In: SIMPÓSIO INTERNACIONAL DE ECONOMIA DE ÁGUA E ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO. São Paulo. Anais. 1986. • Report of research covering the development of both a low flush volume WC and tiping tank surge generator to conserve water usage while ensuring drain self cleaning. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; BRIDGE, S.; GALOWIN, L. S. Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Solution of the Time Dependent Wave Attenuation in Gravity Driven Partially-Filled Pipe Flow. In: 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FINITE ELEMENTS IN WATER RESOURCES, University of Hanover, West Germany, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, C.A . Proceedings. Brebbia Ed. June 1982. p. 16-21-34 SWAFFIELD, J. A.; GALOWIN, L. S. Big Drains, Small Drains. How do Your Waste Flow. American Society of Plumbing Engineer. Washington D.C.. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; GALOWIN, L. S. Computer Aided Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Multistorey Buildings Drainage Network. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; GALOWIN, L.S. Investigation of Apparent Limits of Drainline Waste Transport with Low Volume Flush Water Closets. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Porto, Portugal. Proceedings. 1993. • The capacity of low volume water closet discharge without other fixture discharge to transport waste to the sewer or septic field was investigated. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; GALOWIN, L.S. The Effects of Pipe Parameter and Applicance Discharge Volume on the Unsteady Flow Conditions Within Building Drainage System. In: ASPE 1992 CONVENTION, Washington, D.C.. Proceedings. November 1992. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; GALOWIN, L. S.. Unsteady Flow Analysis for Buildings Drainage Networks. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • The numerical model of unsteady flow in building drainage network utilising the method of characteristics to solve the equation of motion and continuity is extended in two areas. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; GALOWIN, L.; YINGLING, R. Low Flush Volume Water Closets Mixed Media Testing, Waste Transport and Drainage Sizing. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1994. • Low flush volume water closets and other water conservation fixtures are of major interest because of national regulamentation for water conservation under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Parameters necessary to understand performance with linkage to laboratory test methods in plumbing standards for fixture evaluations and apply for drainage pipe sizing requirements were examined. Theorical and experimental investigations of the hydraulic conditions in drain were undertaken to demostrate methods for analysis and testing of water closets performance with transport of waste solids in drains. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; MARRIOT, B. S.T. An Investigation of the Effect of Reduced Volume W.C. Flush on the Transport of Solids in Above Ground Drainage Systems. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Belgium. Proceedings. 1978. 14p. • The work reported in this paper was initiated as a means of questioning the use of W.C. pan clearance of waste solids at the main, if not only, criteria for determining suitable flush volumes. This criteria effectively ignores the possibility of subsequent solid deposition in the waste pipe if insufficient water follows the solids. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R. H. M. A Study of the Interaction of Drainage System Loading and Reduced Flush W.C. Operation. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, France. Proceedings. 1979. 15 p. • This paper presents an investigation about the acceptability of reduced flush volume operation for siphonic W.C.’s and an improved test technique is proposed to monitor the W.C. efficiency in the removal of contaminating fluids. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R. H. M. Evaluation of Completed Site Trials in Botswana, Lesotho of the ODA Low Flush Volume Toilet. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Scotland. Proceedings. 1988. • This paper presents the development of a low water use W.C. design suitable for installation in developing countries, particularly in low cost housing. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R. H. Evaluation of the Solid Transport Performance of the SIBR/IFO Pour Flush Squat Plat Design. Brunel University, Uxbridge (U.K.). June 1983. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R.H.M. Low Water Use Sanitation. 2nd World Plumbing Testing and Standards, Heating, Piping, Air Condicioning. May 1990. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R. H. M.; BACARRO, R. A.. Development and Site Evaluation of Low Flush Volume W.C.’s in Botswana and Lesotho. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • This paper presents the development of a low flush volume WC suitable for installation in developing countries. Water savings in botswana indicate that at a flush volume of approximately 4 litres, some 18% of water use in low income housing could be saved. • In Lesotho water saving with the prototype WC’s set to 3 litres flush volume have been greater. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R. H. M.; BACARRO, R. A. Low Flush Volume W.C. Design for Developing Countries. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Kopenhagen, Denmark. Proceedings. 1986. • This paper presents the team’s approach to the problem of low water use W.C. design, in terms of the modifiable variables such as trap volume, water seal depth, cistern to bowl water distribution, etc.. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R. H. M.; MAXWELL-STANDING, K. Surge Wave Generation as an Aid to Water Conserving Building Drainage System Design. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Kopenhagen, Denmark. Proceedings. 1986 • This paper presents two techniques of wave generation, both the tipping tank and syphon tank, are considered and it is decided the design of the tipping tank warrants further development. A computer simulation of various tipping tank is also explained. SWAFFIELD, J. A.; WAKELIN, R. H. M.; STANDING, K. M. Surge Wave Generation as an Aid to Drain Self Cleaning: Wavefront Modelling and Site Evaluation. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Brazil. Proceedings. 1987. • The installation of two tipping tanks in support of low flush volume WC trials in Botswana and Lesotho is reported together with a description of a second tipping tank design specifically intend to reduce the necessary vertical drop through the unit and to make below ground installation feasible. TAKAHASHI, I. Introduction of Calculation Method of Sanitary Fixtures in Japan. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. 19p. • The essence of this estimation method is the application of the "Queueing Theory", where the access time while the fixtures are "occupied" is utilized as the evaluation factor. TAKAHASI, N. Investigation of Water Consumption from Recycling Water System at Newspaper Office Building. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. 19p. • This paper describes an investigation of the water consumption and number of persons in the newspaper office building equiped with recycling water system. TANAKA, T. et al. Study on Drainage System in Apartment House (Part - Analysis of the Peak Negative Zone in Stack of Drainage System. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. TERUCHIKA, K. et al. A Study on Total Water Utilization Planning in Urban Area - Estimation of Muiti Water Supply System by Mathematical Programming. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. THE STATISTICS INVESTIGATION ON THE OFFICE BUILDING EQUIPMENTS. Journal of Architecture and Building Science. Vol. 81, No 971 (1966.8), p. 439. TRINKLER, D. W.C. Flushing Cisterns. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Tokyo, Japan. Proceedings. 1985. 20p. • This paper presents the development of a new generation of W.C.’s, which need only 6 litres of water per one flush instead of 9 litres. Flushing cisterns have to operate with both types. TSUKAGOSHI, N.; MATSUO, Y. Performance Tests for the Carriage of Excreta in the Drainage System Connected to Water Saving Type Closets. 15 p. • This paper describes the experiments realized to determine the appropriate volume of water for a closet. Models of horizontal glass pipe branches were placed in the laboratory and tests were conducted for carriage performance of excreta in a closet and a horizontal branch. UCHIDA, T.; KIYA, F. Suitable Water Utilization Methods, Including Water Re-use Systems and Rainwater Treatment Systems, in Urban Development Areas in Japan. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, England. Proceedings. 1994. 10p. • The purpose of this study is to make clear the characteristics of water balance and the pollution loading in regions where different regional conditions exist and to make suggestions of suitable conditions for water utilization. URBAN WATER CONSERVATION CONFERENCE. Los Angeles, California. January 1976. Proceedings. State of California: Departament of Eater Resources. UUJAMHAN, E. J. S. Water Conserving W.C. Design: A Study of the Design Parameters Affecting W.C. Performance. Uxbridge, U.K., 1981. Ph.D. Thesis. Brunel University. VICKERS, A. The Emerging Demand - Side Era in Water Management. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 38-43. October 1991. VICKERS, A.; MARKUS, E. J. Creating Economic Incentiver for Conservation. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA), p. 42-45. August 1992. VIJAPUR, B. East Bay Municipal Utility District Water Conservation Program. Report No R219. Stevens Institute of Technology. October 1991. VIJAPUR, B. Patterns of Fixtures Use and Water Consumption in Residences with Conventional and ULF Technology. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Washington, D.C., USA. Proceedings. 1992. • The total water use, inside water use and hot water use is reported along flush data for water closets. Shower data included flow rate, time and volume. Those numbers come from fifty homes that were instrumented and data collected for minimum of twenty-one days before and after retrofitting the houses with emerging water efficient products. WAKELIN, R. H. M.; SWAFFIELD, J. A.; MURAY, A. C. F. Appraisal of Intermittent Wave Generation Applicable to Water Conserving Drainage Systems. In: CIBW62 SEMINAR, Zurich, Switzerland. Proceedings. 1982. 26p. • The problem created by using low flush volumes to remove sanitary wastes is the likelihood of solid deposition in the upper reaches of the drainage system - basically due to inadequate flow rate. • This introductory project considers a possible solution to this problem. Interceptor tanks with intermittent discharge can be used to generate waves which may have the capacity to clean the pipe of any deposits. WALSKI, T. M. Using Water-Distribution System Models. Journal of American Water Works Association (AWWA). February 1983. WATER CONSERVATION IN CALIFORNIA. Bulletin 198. State of California: Departament of Water Resources. May 1976. WATER METERING TRIALS - FINAL REPORT. The National Metering Trials Working Group. Water Services Association, Water Companies Association, Office of Water Services, Departament of the Environment. London. 1993. WEBSTER, C. J. D. An Investigation of the Use of Outlets in Multistorey Flats. The Building Service Engineer. Vol. 39. January 1972. WEBSTER, C. J. D. New Measures for Economy in the Use of Potable Water. CIBSE SYMPOSIUM, London. March 1977. WEBSTER, C. J. D.; BALL, E. F.; RUMP, M. E. Reducing Domestic Water Requirements. BRE, Crown Copyright. October 1976. 14 p. • The alternative to increasing supply is to reduce demand by application of economy measures. This article examines the feasibility of this approach and reviews the current work on water economy at the Building Research Establishment. WEBSTER, C. J. D.; DAVIDSON, P. J. Reducing the Flush Water. January 1982. p. 12-16. WEBSTER, C. J. D.; DAVIDSON, P. J. Current Experience of New Water Economy Measures. Journal of NWC. January 1982. WEBSTER, C. J. D; LILLYWHITE, M. S. T. Flushed with Meanness. Buildings Services. October 1985. p. 38-39. • Experiments shows savings of flush water in the region of 30 - 40%. • The valve, called the Skevington valve, was developed by BRE. • Some 17% of our treated water goes down the pan. This percentage could be cut drastically argue. WINTER, F.; GALOWIN, L.S. Criteria and Evaluation for Two-Step Flush Devices for Water Closets (NBSIR 81-2296). National Bureau of Standards. Washington.. 1981. WISE, A. F. E. Drainage Pipework in Dwellings: Hydraulic Design and Performance. DSIR, Bldg., Res Station. London, England (1957). WYLY, R. S. Investigation of the Hydraulics of Horizontal Drains in Plumbing Systems. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 86(1964) COM 75-10046/LK. YASOKAWA, J. et al. A Study on Applicability of a Man-Made Way as a Rain Regulating Reservoir in Developing Residential Area. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995. YATES, S.; ARONSON, E. A Social Psychological Perspective on Energy Conservation Buildings. American Psychologist. p. 435-450. YOSHITAKE Necessary Number of Sanitary Fixtures. Transaction of Architectural Institute of Japan. N° 45. 1952. ZHAO, S. et al. Analysis on Operatingcondition of Wastewater Recycling System in the Multi-Ude Building (Part 4) - The Optimal Control of System According of Reclaimed Water Consumption. A.I.J. Anual Meeting. 1995.   1

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